Monoceros

The mono- of Monoceros derives from Greek monos, 'alone, single', from the Indo-European root *men-⁴. Derivatives: monad, monastery, monk, mono-, minnow. [Pokorny 4. men- 728, meni- 731. Watkins]

The uni- of unicorn derives from Latin and from the Indo-European root *oi-no- 'One, unique'. Derivatives: a¹, an¹, once, one; alone ('all one'), anon, atone, lone, lonely, none, uni-, union, unite, unit, unity, unanimous, unicorn, universe, onion, ace, any, unique, inch¹, ounce¹. [Pokorny 3. D. e- 281. Watkins]

This modern constellation, Monoceros, is a likely a representation of the 'horn of plenty', the Cornucopia (cornu-copiae), that Zeus broke off his goat-nanny nurse, Amalthea, while playing with her as a baby; Amalthea, herself, was placed amongst the stars as Capra, the star Capella on the arm of the Constellation Auriga, the Charioteer. The position of the horn is not known. The writer of this webpage suggests that it might relate to this constellation, he says "... the sacred goat having broken off one of her horns, Amaltheia filled it with flowers and fruits and presented it to Zeus, who placed it together with the goat amongst the stars, although the one-horned goat was not identified with the Unicorn by the Greeks. ...". Ovid relates; "When he controlled the sky and sat on his father’s throne ... Jove (Jupiter, Zeus), he made stars of the nurse and the nurse’s fruitful horn, which bears even now its mistress’ name." [Ovid, Fasti 5.111 1]

The unicorn (Latin unus 'one' and cornus 'horn') is a mythical beast depicted with the body of a horse and a spiral horn on its forehead. The unicorn's horn was said to have the property of being able to neutralize poisons (it reminds me of our modern antioxidants, particularly the carotenes; 'carrot' and 'horn' come from the same Indo-European root *ker-¹ 'Horn, head'). The picture of a Unicorn was the apothecaries' symbol. The powdered root of the 'unicorn horn' was believed to be a panacea for just about all illnesses.

The only likely earthly representation of this mythical beast is believed to be the rhinoceros (the narwhal is the sea representation, see below). The rhinoceros is the only known land animal to possess a single horn and this horn is also credited with great healing properties. Powdered rhinoceros horns are regarded as a panacea in Eastern Asia, "effective against anything from nosebleeds and headaches to diphtheria and food poisoning" etc. The Asian rhino is Rhinoceros unicornis. In legend the unicorn is depicted with the body of a horse and a spiral horn on its forehead; the closest living relative to rhinoceros is the horse. Rhinoceros means literally 'nose-horn.' This feature is emphasized in the animal where the nasal passages is actually larger than the brain. Unlike the horns of other horned mammals which are bony, the rhino's horn consists of keratin; densely compacted hair (the words 'keratin' and 'horn' come from I.E. *ker-¹ 'Horn, head').

Confirming the widely held belief that the unicorn was thought to be the same as the rhinoceros, Isidore says:

“The rhinoceros (rhinoceron) is named with a Greek word; in Latin it means 'horn on the nose'. This is also the monoceron, that is, the unicorn (unicornus), because it has a single four-foot horn in the middle of its forehead, so sharp and strong that it tosses in the air or impales whatever it attacks. It often fights with the elephant and throws it to the ground after wounding it in the belly. It has such strength that it can be captured by no hunter's ability, but, as those who have written about the natures of animals claim, if a virgin girl is set before a unicorn, as the beast approaches, she may open her lap and it will lay its head there with all ferocity put aside, and thus lulled and disarmed it may be captured.” [The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville, 6th century A.D., p.252.].

This webpage gives an opinion on the original nature of the virgin-capture story.

There is a Christian story associated with the neutralizing of poisons that parallels the unicorn's and rhinoceros' horn's detoxifying attributes: St. Benedict, 547 A.D., is called 'father of Western Monasticism' (from mono-, root *men-⁴ above). A group of monks asked him to join them. Later, resisting his strict rules, they tried to poison him. St. Benedict is represented by a cup (sometimes cracked) because it is said "he blessed the cup of poison and rendered it harmless" [2].

Monad, according to the Pythagoreans, was a term for God or the first being, or the totality of all beings. Monad being the source or the One meaning without division. Monotheism is the belief in the existence of one deity or God, or in the oneness of God.

"The concept of a unicorn is very real, even if the unicorn itself does not exist". The concept of the unicorn is likened to the concept of God on this webpage.

Calmet [Biblical Dictionary], says "drinking cups used to be made of the rhinoceros' horn, from an Oriental belief that 'it sweats at the approach of poison.'" The original of the drinking vessel was called a rhyton [3], and is related to Greek rhino-, 'horn or nose' [4], and the prefix in rhinoceros, from the Indo-European root *sreu- 'To flow'. Derivatives: stream, rheo-, -rrhea, catarrh (inflammation of mucous membranes, from Greek rhein, to flow), rheum (mucous discharge from the eyes or nose, from Greek rheuma, stream), rheumatic, rhubarb, rhythm (recurring motion), eurhythmia (eurhythmics, timed beat in music, regular beat in pulse), eurythmy, arrhythmia, (these words from Greek rhuthmos, recurring motion, rhythm), rhyton (from Greek rhutos, fluid, liquid). [Pokorny sreu- 1003. Watkins] Rheology is the study of the flow of matter inspired by Heraclitus's famous expression panta rei, 'everything flows'.

The ancient Pythagoreans called Rhea, who was mother of the gods, 'The Ever-Flowing', and her name is believed to be from *sreu- (above). Rhea is the Sabine Ops or Opis, she was the patron of riches, abundance, and prosperity; or opulence; and just as the Roman Saturn was identified with the Greek deity Cronus, Ops was identified with Rhea, Cronus' wife [5]. Her name is related to the -copia of cornucopia. Opis is from the Indo-European root *op- 'To work, produce in abundance'. Derivatives: opera¹, operate, operation, opus, cooperate, inure, maneuver, manure, officinal (recognized by a pharmacopoeia: an officinal herb), opulent, omni-, omniscience, omnibus, optimum, copious, copy, cornucopia. [Pokorny 1. op- 780. Watkins] Pharmacopoeia is literally, the art of the drug compounder [the prefix pharma- might relate to Circinus].

Omniscience is the capacity to know everything infinitely. In monotheism, this ability is typically attributed to God [6].

The narwhal's three meter (9 foot) long tooth was passed off as the horn of a unicorn, or alicorn. The depiction of the constellation by Hevelius in 1690 (below under the tables) shows a unicorn with a spiral narwhal's horn. The narwhal's (Monodon monoceros meaning 'one-tooth, one-horn') long 'spiral horn' is actually a long tooth or tusk. Narwhal, from Old Norse nar, corpse (from its whitish grey color) + hvalr, whale, was believed to be able to cure many illnesses and neutralize poison. Unicorn's horn was sold in druggist's shops in powdered form, and whole horns were kept in the vaults of royalty worth many times its weight in gold [7]. The fact that narwhals are seldom seen south of Greenland explains the success of Scandinavian fishermen in keeping their lucrative secret for at least five centuries [8].

© Anne Wright 2008.